COMMON CONJUNCTIONS

                       Common Conjunctions (and Conjunctive Adverbs)

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence. A C.C.is also used to join two independent clauses.

For – shows a reason
And – means in addition and is used to join or add words together in the sentence
Nor – gives a negative alternative
But – shows contrast and is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas in the sentence
Or – shows an alternative and is used to show choice or possibilities in the sentence
Yet – shows unexpected contrast
So – shows a result and is used to show result in the sentence
Example: Jake and Sara went out to dinner and to a movie.
Bob graduates from high school next month, so he will move to Georgia in May.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: A S.C. is a word or expression that joins two independent clauses so that one is grammatically dependent on the other: S.C: after; although; as; because; before; how; if; despite; lest (for fear that); once; since; than; that; though; till; unless; until; when; whenever; where; whereas; wherever; while (although)
Example: Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet while he lived in London.
After Bob graduates from college, he plans to move to New York.

2.1 Compound (subordinating) conjunctions. (Two or more word subordinating conjunctions): as if / though; as / so long as; as much as; as soon as; as far as; as opposed to; by the time; even if / though; for fear that (lest); inasmuch as; insofar as; in case (that); in order that / to; in spite of; despite (my not being); in (the sense) that; now that; only if; provided / providing that; rather than; so as to; so that 

Please shake my martini as opposed to stirring it. (rather than) or in contrast with (conj)
Friendships are discovered rather than made.


The use of unlike as a conjunction, as in she was behaving unlike she'd ever behaved before, is not considered standard English. It can be avoided by using as with a negative instead: she was behaving as she'd never behaved before

2.2. Some prepositions also function as subordinate conjunctions. These prepositions are after, as, before, since, and until. A subordinate conjunction will have both a subject and a verb following it, forming a subordinate clause.

- Your necklace is like mine. (prep.)resembling; similar to
- She works like a Beaver (prep.) typical of, in a manner characteristic of.
- It looks like rain. (prep.): as if there is promise of; indicative of:
- I don't feel like going to bed.willing to; disposed or inclined to
- I want to do something really different, like skydiving. (prep.): such as; for example
- (1) It would be like him to forget our appointment. (prep.): characteristic of:
- (1) He acted like he was afraid. (conjunction): as if
- (2) It happened like you said it would. (conjunction): as; in the same way as; just as.
- He left the room without taking his wife.(conjunction). TRICK !!!) This is a special verb oriented conjunction. It brings in the verb taking.
- He left the room without his wife.(prep.)
- As he got worked harder, his grades improved. (conjunction) It is used as a conjunction when something happening continuously over a period of time.
- They were treated as kings. (prep.). "As" is used as a preposition when referring to a characteristic something has.
- Give yourself plenty of time, for the work is quite demanding. (conjunction)
- She wrote a letter instead of speaking.((TRICK !!!) This is a special verb oriented conjunction. It brings in the verb speaking.

- She wrote a letter instead of a poem. (prep.)

3. Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.

Primary correlative conjunctions in English:
both…and; either…or; just as…so; not ... but; not ... nor / neither (inversión); neither…nor; not only…but also; such ... that
Example: Neither Tom nor Sue passed the algebra final.

Other pairs that sometimes have a coordinating function:
as . . . as; just as . . . so; the more . . . the less; the more . . . the more; no sooner . . . than; so . . . as; whether . . . or.

It was such a hot afternoon that we decided to stay indoors

She was such a bad tempered woman that nobody liked her. 
You are not as clever as you think you are.

The expression rather than is normally used in parallel structures. For example, with two adjectives, two adverbs, nouns, infinitives etc.

• I would prefer to visit Switzerland rather than Australia.
• I would prefer to walk rather than drive.
• Since cancer, I feel like I have dreams rather than ambitions.
• My thinking is Lincolnian rather than Jeffersonian.
• Superstitions are habits rather than beliefs.
• Children need models rather than critics.
• Life should be great rather than long.

4. Conjunctive Adverbs: A C.A. is a transitional expression used to join two independent clauses. Conjunctive Adverbs must be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.
Punctuation: Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after the conjunctive adverb.
They are Linking words across sentences and always link a second sentence to an idea in the previous sentence. That means they come at the beginning of the second sentence.

One Word conjunction adverbs:
again; also; besides; consequently; finally; further; furthermore; hence; however; incidentally; indeed; instead; likewise; meanwhile; moreover; nevertheless; next; nonetheless; otherwise; similarly; still; then; therefore; thus. ALSO: First(ly), / Second(ly), / Third(ly), / Finally,
Two or more Word conjunction adverbs:
after all; as a result; for example; if anything; in addition; in contrast (on the other hand); in fact; in other words; on the contrary (if anything); on the other hand

Example: Bob’s leg was injured in a car accident; consequently, he was not able to compete in the state championship

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Subordinating Conjunctions

Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.

Examples:
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow]
Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]

Conjunctions Concession

• though
• although
• even though
• while

Conjunctions Condition

• if
• only if
• unless
• until
• provided that
• assuming that
• even if
• in case (that)
• lest

Conjunctions Comparison

• than
• rather than
• whether
• as much as
• whereas

Conjunctions Time

• after
• as long as
• as soon as
• before
• by the time
• now that
• once
• since
• till
• until
• when
• whenever
• while

Conjunctions Reason

• because
• since
• so that
• in order (that)
• why

Relative Adjective

• that
• what
• whatever
• which
• whichever
•  

Relative Pronoun

• who
• whoever
• whom
• whomever
• whose
•  
•  

Conjunctions Manner

• how
• as though
• as if

Conjunctions Place

• where
• wherever

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Correlative Conjunctions

They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.

• as . . . as
• just as . . . so
• both . . . and
• hardly . . . when
• scarcely . . . when

• either . . . or
• neither . . . nor
•  
• if . . . then
• not . . . but

• what with . . . and
• whether . . . or
• not only . . . but also
• no sooner . . . than
• rather . . . than

                                               

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Conjunctive Adverbs

They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs.
Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.

Similar to And

•  
• also
• besides
• furthermore
• likewise
• moreover

Similar to But

•  
• however
• nevertheless
• nonetheless
• still
•  
• conversely
• instead
• otherwise
• rather

Similar to So

•  
• accordingly
• consequently
• hence
• meanwhile
• then
• therefore
• thus

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Time
after
after which
and
as
as long as
as soon as
at which (point)
before
by the time
hardly*
no sooner*
now (that)
once
since
the moment
then
till
until
when
whenever
whereupon
while
Result
and
and so
else
or else
otherwise
so
so that
Contrast, Concession, Alternatives
although
apart from
but
despite
even if
even though
except that
in spite of
or
much as
nor
not that
though
whereas
while
whilst
yet
Reason
as
as a result of
because
because of
considering
due to
for
given that
in case
in view of the fact
that
just in case
on account of
seeing as/that
since
Purpose
in case
in order that
in order to
so
so as to
so that
to
Conditional
as long as
even if
if
one condition that
provided (that)
providing (that)
so long as
unless
whether... or
Manner
as
as if
as though
in a way
in the way
just as
like
much as
the way
Addition
and
as well as
besides
besides which
in addition to
not only*
Giving examples
for instance
for example
in particular
*Inversion – verb and subject are inverted after these words. For example:-
We had hardly taken our coats off when it was time to go.
Hardly had we taken our coats off when it was time to go.
She is not only intelligent; she is also beautiful.
Not only is she intelligent, but also beautiful.
Source: Hugh Cory, Advanced Writing with English in Use (Oxford: OUP, 1999)
Coordinating and

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Prepositions

There are approximately 30 commonly used prepositions. It is very helpful to memorize these also.

Prepositions are classified as simple or compound

Simple prepositions are single word prepositions

about, above, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, beside, between, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, of, off, on, over, through, to, toward, under, up, with

Compound prepositions are more than one word - in between and because of - are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.

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Unlike is not a conjunction. It's a preposition (In contrast to)

Unlike / In contrast to his father, he did not drink alcohol (In contrast to)
In contrast to / Unlike his work so far, the project he just turned in was superb

In contrast with (as compared with): A diferencia de.
Her hair's jet black, in contrast with her daughter's blonde locks