RHETORICAL FIGURES
ANADIPLOSIS: To be persuasive, you must be believable. To be believable, you must be credible. To be credible, you must be truthful.
ANALOGIES: Diplomacy is the art of letting someone else have / get your way * Life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans * Success is / consists of going from failure to failure without losing / loss of enthusiasm * Films and priesthood are basically the same job: telling people what to think.
ANAPHORA: (It's funny how) When it comes to giving advice, I can tell you a lot; (but), when it comes to helping myself (my problems) however, that becomes an entirely different matter / I just don't know what to do with myself * There can be differences of opinion without there being personal differences * Laughing at your own mistakes can lengthen your own life. Laughing at someone else's / your wife's (mistakes) can shorten it * At the end of the day, life is about being happy being who you are * Do what you love and do it often. And don't (ever) let anyone tell you not to do it / something (you love) * Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you * Life isn't about finding yourself but about creating yourself. Life is about creating yourself.
ANTANACLASIS: Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter * If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm.
ANTANAGOGE: Yes, I know I've lost my job, but I'm (very) much / so looking forward to spending time at home * So you live alone? It must be nice to be able to do what you want * I got in a car accident, but I was planning on getting a new car anyway * I don't (really) like my job very much, (but) mind you the pay / salary is (quite / so) good
ANTHIMERIA: He who has a why to live can bear almost any how * Don't talk the talk unless you can walk the walk! * Man-up when necessary (be tough, act like a man, be a man) * (In order) for there to be a before there has to be an after. No buts about it! * I remember meeting the likes of Johnny Carson and Jimmy Stewart for the first time and being utterly starstruck * Opera is for cultured, rich people; it isn't for the likes of me.
*********************************************
SACAR POR PDF
https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Schemes_n_Tropes.pdf
SCHEMES
Anaphora -- Repetition of beginning clauses. For instance, Churchill declared, “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be.”
ANASTROPHE (HYPERBATON / INVERSION): Not only is there no God, but try getting a plumber on weekends ("at weekends" in British English) * Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall (Shakespeare)
ANTIMETABOLE (aka Chiasmus): Ask not what your country can do for you; ask instead what you can do for your country (ask what's for lunch) * (We should) Eat (in order) to live, not live (in order) to eat, as we (all) do today * You like it; it likes you (7 UP)
* He who questions training only trains himself at asking questions *
HYPOPHORA (HIPÓFORA): You know what charm is? a way of getting the answer "yes" without having to ask / having asked any clear question. (Albert Camus) * You know what it's like having five kids / a fourth child? Imagine you're drowning, and (then) someone hands you a baby. Can you imagine a world without men? There'd no crime and lots of fat happy women *
PARALLELISM: Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself * A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * We love life, not because we are used to living but because we are used to loving * The greater the obstacle, the more glory in overcoming it.
TMESIS -- Intentionally breaking a word into two parts for emphasis: “I have but two words to say to your request: Im Possible.”
HYPERBOLE: Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times * I've told you a million times not to call me a liar!
IRONY: Prejudice is a great time saver. You can / It enables you to form opinions without having to get / bothering to get / getting the facts * Most people do not mind dying, as long as that does not happen today.
METAPHORE: Marriage is like life; it is a field of battle (a losing battle), not a bed of roses / no bed of roses (fighting a losing battle: have little chance of success vs a win-win situation) * Acting is a win-win situation. There is no risk involved. That's why I get tired of hearing actors who try to make out that there's a downside to it * Life is neither a tragedy nor a comedy. It is a blend of tragic-comedy / Life is what you make of it * Diplomacy is the art of letting someone else have/get your way * It is no use preaching unless our walking is our preaching * It's no use preaching to a hungry man
MEIOSIS -- Understatement (opposite of exaggeration): "I was somewhat worried when the psychopath ran toward me with a chainsaw." (i.e., I was terrified). Litotes (especially popular in Old English) is a type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect: "You know, Einstein is not a bad mathematician." (i.e., Einstein is a good mathematician.)
PARADOXES / OXIMORON: I was never less alone than when by myself * I am deeply superficial (Oxim) * If you are afraid of loneliness, don’t marry * Many would be cowards if they dared * Nothing fixes a thing so intensely in the memory as the wish to forget it * You'll find yourself asking, “How am I supposed to gain experience if I'm constantly turned down for not having any?
PERSONIFICATION -- Giving human qualities to inanimate objects: “The ground thirsts for rain; the wind whispered secrets to us.
PUNS: Einstein developed a theory about space, and it was about time too.
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS: What does it matter? (meaning: it doesn't matter) * Philosophy: How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are? *
SIMILES: (Doing) math(s) is like going to the gym for your brain / it's a workout for your brain, strengthens and sharpens your mind and (it) makes you smarter as well as more creative * Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving / move forward * Worry(ing) is like (sitting on) a rocking chair: it (will) gives you something to do / you can rock all you want, but never gets you anywhere / but it doesn't get you anywhere / but (it) gets you nowhere / but (it) won't get you anywhere * Life is like a puzzle half the fun is in trying to work it out * Life is like a box of chocolate. You never know what you're gonna get * Life is like a piano. What you get out of it (largely / entirely) depends on how you play it * Dating without wanting to get married is like shopping without (carrying) money. You either leave disappointed or take something that isn't yours.
3. REPETITION
1. EMPHASIS: I want my money, right now, right here, all right?
2. ANAPHORA: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place, (I was) at the wrong time on the wrong day. (ellipsis) * I have a dream that one day ... (4 times) * It was the best of times, it was the worst of times ... We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.
3. Antanaclasis: If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm * Your argument is sound (sensible, reliable). Nothing but sound (noise). (a common kind of pun)
4. RHYMING: No pain, no gain * no bees no honey, no work, no money.
***********************************************
FIGURES OF SPEECH (Rhetorical figures, literary devices)
figures of style, figurative language, or schemes.
Trope: The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification.
Scheme: A change in standard word order or pattern.
https://www.thoughtco.com/top-figures-of-speech-1691818 FOR PRINTING
Rhetoric (is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic, is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the capacities of writers or speakers needed to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Aristotle defines rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion"
From Ancient Greece to the late 19th century, rhetoric played a central role in Western education in training orators, lawyers, counsellors, historians, statesmen, and poets.
A rhetorical question is one for which the questioner does not expect a direct answer: in many cases it may be intended to start a discourse, or as a means of displaying the speaker's or author's opinion on a topic, or just make the listnener think.
A common example is the question "Can't you do anything right?" This question, when posed, is intended not to ask about the listener's ability but rather to insinuate the listener's lack of ability.
Do you want me to punch you in the face? The obvious answer is that no.
ALLUSIONS:
A
n expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.For instance, you make a literary allusion the moment you say, “I do not approve of this quixotic idea,” Quixotic means stupid and impractical derived from Cervantes’s “Don Quixote”, a story of a foolish knight and his misadventures.
“This place is like a Garden of Eden.” This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis.
I'm a real Salomon when it comes to making decisions. Decision making is such an imperative skill (necessary, essential)
Chocolate was my Aquilles' hill. (weakness)
ANADIPLOSIS: To be persuasive, you must be believable. To be believable, you must be credible. To be credible, you must be truthful.
ANALOGIES: Diplomacy is the art of letting someone else have / get your way * Life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans * Success is / consists of going from failure to failure without losing / loss of enthusiasm * Films and priesthood are basically the same job: telling people what to think.
ANAPHORA: (It's funny how) When it comes to giving advice, I can tell you a lot; (but), when it comes to helping myself (my problems) however, that becomes an entirely different matter / I just don't know what to do with myself * There can be differences of opinion without there being personal differences * Laughing at your own mistakes can lengthen your own life. Laughing at someone else's / your wife's (mistakes) can shorten it * At the end of the day, life is about being happy being who you are * Do what you love and do it often. And don't (ever) let anyone tell you not to do it / something (you love) * Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you * Life isn't about finding yourself but about creating yourself. Life is about creating yourself.
ANTANACLASIS: Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter * If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm.
ANTANAGOGE: Yes, I know I've lost my job, but I'm (very) much / so looking forward to spending time at home * So you live alone? It must be nice to be able to do what you want * I got in a car accident, but I was planning on getting a new car anyway * I don't (really) like my job very much, (but) mind you the pay / salary is (quite / so) good
ANTHIMERIA: He who has a why to live can bear almost any how * Don't talk the talk unless you can walk the walk! * Man-up when necessary (be tough, act like a man, be a man) * (In order) for there to be a before there has to be an after. No buts about it! * I remember meeting the likes of Johnny Carson and Jimmy Stewart for the first time and being utterly starstruck * Opera is for cultured, rich people; it isn't for the likes of me.
ANTIMETABOLE (aka Chiasmus): Ask not what your country can do for you. Instead, ask what you can do for your country / what's for lunch) * Doing what you like is freedom (do whatever you wish to do). Liking what you do is happiness * (We should) eat (in order) to live, not live (in order) to eat, as we (all) do today * You like it; it likes you (7 UP)
ANTITHESIS: * A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * There are so many things that we wish we had done yesterday, so few (things) that we feel like doing today * I'd rather annoy with the truth than please with adulation * (In order) For there to be betrayal, there would have to have been / there would have to be trust first * There are only two ways to live / of living your life. One is as though nothing is / were a miracle. The other is as though everything is / were a miracle / as though it were all a miracle (see "as if" conjun.) To be, or not to be: that is the question * Being superstitious is for ignorants, but not being superstitious is bad luck / unlucky * The only thing worse than not getting what you want is s.o. else getting it * I spent my whole child-hood wishing I were older and now I'm spending my adulthood wishing I were younger.
COMPARISONS: My inferiority complex isn't as good as everyone else's * Smokers are the same as everyone else; just not as long.
COMPARISONS: My inferiority complex isn't as good as everyone else's * Smokers are the same as everyone else; just not as long.
ELLIPSIS: It's the people who try to be clever who never are; the people who are clever never think of trying to be * Love yourself no matter what! (happens / you do) * The first thing that distinguishes a writer is that he is most alive when alone * The strong man is strongest when alone * Even when on holiday work seems to find us (personification) * We know what we are, but know not what we may be * When / if (ever) in doubt, take more time * If in doubt, don't. If still in doubt, do what's right * I've made lots and lots / a (whole) lot / tons of mistakes in my life. Who hasn't? * I've come to realize (that) I'm a professional, no matter if I'm 38, no matter if I'm 19 or 20 * This society is extremely negative because of people being fired and/or leaving on their own * I wouldn't like you to be treated as I have been treated and as others have * Been there, done that (I know what you mean).
EMPHASIS: It's lonely at the top, but you do eat better.
HYPERBATON: Not only is there no God, but try finding a plumber on Sunday!! * Not until you become a father (yourself) do you really understand what it really means (It's not until you become a father (yourself) that you can find empathy for your father). -(1): something
HYPERBOLES: Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times * I've told you a million times not to call me a liar / that!
EMPHASIS: It's lonely at the top, but you do eat better.
HYPERBATON: Not only is there no God, but try finding a plumber on Sunday!! * Not until you become a father (yourself) do you really understand what it really means (It's not until you become a father (yourself) that you can find empathy for your father). -(1): something
HYPERBOLES: Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times * I've told you a million times not to call me a liar / that!
HYPOPHORAS: Money? What's money? A man is a success if he gets up in the morning and goes to bed at night and in between does what he wants to do * (And to be frank/kly) Why worry? where does it / that get you? Nowhere! Where does worrying get you, any-way? * What's freedom (to/for you)? What does freedom mean to you? Are we really free? Who is free? The ultimate freedom lies in not having to explain "why" you did -(1)
OXIMORONS: I love mankind; it’s people (that) I can’t stand * Many would be cowards if they dared * It's a sign of weakness to avoid showing signs of weakness. (Don't you dare!)
PARADOX: It's funny how I'm (so) good at giving advice to others, but when it comes to helping myself, I (just) don't know what to do or how to react * It's understandable and almost touching that we should expect our partners to understand us without us having to / having explained what's up / going on * I know one thing / All I know is (that) I know nothing.
REPETITION: I used to think that the worst thing in life was to end up alone. It's not. The worst thing in life is to end up with people who make you feel alone * One thing I do know is that the surest way to end up being alone is to decide that you're going to be alone.
OXIMORONS: I love mankind; it’s people (that) I can’t stand * Many would be cowards if they dared * It's a sign of weakness to avoid showing signs of weakness. (Don't you dare!)
PARADOX: It's funny how I'm (so) good at giving advice to others, but when it comes to helping myself, I (just) don't know what to do or how to react * It's understandable and almost touching that we should expect our partners to understand us without us having to / having explained what's up / going on * I know one thing / All I know is (that) I know nothing.
REPETITION: I used to think that the worst thing in life was to end up alone. It's not. The worst thing in life is to end up with people who make you feel alone * One thing I do know is that the surest way to end up being alone is to decide that you're going to be alone.
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS: Why does a man take it for granted that a girl who flirts with him wants him to kiss her when, nine times out of ten, she only wants him to want to kiss her? * How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are? * How am I suppo-sed to gain experience if I'm constantly turned down for not having any? * What's the point in fighting for freedom if you're not free enough to know whether you're being lied to or not?
RHYME: No pain, no gain * No bees, no honey. No work, no money * Everybody wants happiness, nobody wants pain, but you can't have a rainbow without (having) a little rain.
SIMILES: (Doing) math(s) is like going to the gym for your brain / it's a workout for your brain, strengthens and sharpens your mind and (it) makes you smarter as well as more creative * Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving / move forward * Worry(ing) is like (sitting on) a rocking chair: it (will) gives you something to do / you can rock all you want, but never gets you anywhere / but it doesn't get you anywhere / but (it) gets you nowhere / but (it) won't get you anywhere * Life is like a puzzle half the fun is in trying to work it out * Life is like a box of chocolate. You never know what you're gonna get * Life is like a piano. What you get out of it (largely / entirely) depends on how you play it * Dating without wanting to get married is like shopping (but cheaper) / without (carrying) money. You either leave disappointed or take something that isn't yours * Living without philosophizing is literally / exactly like having one's eyes closed without ever trying to open them.
*********************************************
SACAR POR PDF
https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Schemes_n_Tropes.pdf
SCHEMES
Anaphora -- Repetition of beginning clauses. For instance, Churchill declared, “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be.”
ANASTROPHE (HYPERBATON / INVERSION): Not only is there no God, but try getting a plumber on weekends ("at weekends" in British English) * Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall (Shakespeare)
ANTIMETABOLE (aka Chiasmus): Ask not what your country can do for you; ask instead what you can do for your country (ask what's for lunch) * (We should) Eat (in order) to live, not live (in order) to eat, as we (all) do today * You like it; it likes you (7 UP)
* He who questions training only trains himself at asking questions *
ANTITHESIS: * A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * There are so many things that we wish we had done yesterday, so few (things) that we feel like doing today * I'd rather annoy with the truth than please with adulation * To be, or not to be: that is the question * Being superstitious is for ignorants, but not being superstitious is bad luck * There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about * There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it * The only thing worse than not getting what you want is someone else getting it * Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory. (state of suffering, hell on earth, torture). Abraham Lincoln
ELLIPSIS: Love yourself no matter what! (happens / you do) * The first thing that distinguishes a writer is that he is most alive when alone * The strong man is strongest when alone * Even when on holiday work seems to find us (personification) When / if in doubt, take more time * If in doubt, don't. If still in doubt, do what's right * I made tons of mistakes. Who hasn't? * I've come to realize (that) I'm a professional, no matter if I'm 38, no matter if I'm 19 or 20. I'm a professional * The culture is extremely negative because of people being fired and/or leaving on their own * I wouldn't like you to be treated as I have been treated and as others have * Been there, done that (I know what you mean)
PARALLELISM: Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself * A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * We love life, not because we are used to living but because we are used to loving * The greater the obstacle, the more glory in overcoming it.
TMESIS -- Intentionally breaking a word into two parts for emphasis: “I have but two words to say to your request: Im Possible.”
TROPS:
REPETITION: I want my money, right now, right here, all right? (emphasis)
Anaphora: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place, (I was) at the wrong time on the wrong day. (ellipsis) * I have a dream that one day ... (4 times) * It was the best of times, it was the worst of times ... We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.
Antanaclasis: If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm * Your argument is sound (sensible, reliable). Nothing but sound (noise). (a common kind of pun)
REPETITION: I want my money, right now, right here, all right? (emphasis)
Anaphora: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place, (I was) at the wrong time on the wrong day. (ellipsis) * I have a dream that one day ... (4 times) * It was the best of times, it was the worst of times ... We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.
Antanaclasis: If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm * Your argument is sound (sensible, reliable). Nothing but sound (noise). (a common kind of pun)
ANTHIMERIA: Don't a-ha me! I hate being given the silent treatment and I hate being given the runaround by doctors and other professionals. It is really, really annoying. (be evasive, dar largas). (Interj. used to express agreement, discovery, or other emotions or feelings) * Don't talk the talk unless you can walk the walk! * I am going in search of the great whys / perhaps * No ifs, no buts - we will not share the pound if Scotland separates from the U.K.(There is no ifs, ands or buts about it).* One never can know the whys and the wherefores of one's passional changes. (literary, why?, for what (reason)?: Wherefore did you do so? * Man-up when necessary (be tough, act like a man, be a man)
Erotema -- Asking a rhetorical question to the reader as a transition or as a thoughtprovoking tool before proceeding. "What should honest citizens do?"
If in doubt, don't. If still in doubt, do what's right.
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/donald_rumsfeld_135957
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/donald_rumsfeld_135957
EUPHEMISM: I'm moving on in years, but I tell you I still want to kick the devil before I kick the bucket (dying) * We've lost 400,000 jobs in Michigan because of downsizing (because of firing from job)
We've lost 400,000 jobs in Michigan because of downsizing.
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/debbie_stabenow_475477
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/debbie_stabenow_475477
HYPERBOLE: Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times * I've told you a million times not to call me a liar!
IRONY: Prejudice is a great time saver. You can / It enables you to form opinions without having to get / bothering to get / getting the facts * Most people do not mind dying, as long as that does not happen today.
METAPHORE: Marriage is like life; it is a field of battle (a losing battle), not a bed of roses / no bed of roses (fighting a losing battle: have little chance of success vs a win-win situation) * Acting is a win-win situation. There is no risk involved. That's why I get tired of hearing actors who try to make out that there's a downside to it * Life is neither a tragedy nor a comedy. It is a blend of tragic-comedy / Life is what you make of it * Diplomacy is the art of letting someone else have/get your way * It is no use preaching unless our walking is our preaching * It's no use preaching to a hungry man
MEIOSIS -- Understatement (opposite of exaggeration): "I was somewhat worried when the psychopath ran toward me with a chainsaw." (i.e., I was terrified). Litotes (especially popular in Old English) is a type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect: "You know, Einstein is not a bad mathematician." (i.e., Einstein is a good mathematician.)
PARADOXES / OXIMORON: I was never less alone than when by myself * I am deeply superficial (Oxim) * If you are afraid of loneliness, don’t marry * Many would be cowards if they dared * Nothing fixes a thing so intensely in the memory as the wish to forget it * You'll find yourself asking, “How am I supposed to gain experience if I'm constantly turned down for not having any?
PERSONIFICATION -- Giving human qualities to inanimate objects: “The ground thirsts for rain; the wind whispered secrets to us.
PUNS: Einstein developed a theory about space, and it was about time too.
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS: What does it matter? (meaning: it doesn't matter) * Philosophy: How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are? *
How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are?
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/satchel_paige_103901
With all the violence on TV today, is it any wonder kids bring guns to school? You have to think anyway, why not think big?Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/satchel_paige_103901
SIMILES: (Doing) math(s) is like going to the gym for your brain / it's a workout for your brain, strengthens and sharpens your mind and (it) makes you smarter as well as more creative * Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving / move forward * Worry(ing) is like (sitting on) a rocking chair: it (will) gives you something to do / you can rock all you want, but never gets you anywhere / but it doesn't get you anywhere / but (it) gets you nowhere / but (it) won't get you anywhere * Life is like a puzzle half the fun is in trying to work it out * Life is like a box of chocolate. You never know what you're gonna get * Life is like a piano. What you get out of it (largely / entirely) depends on how you play it * Dating without wanting to get married is like shopping without (carrying) money. You either leave disappointed or take something that isn't yours.
3. REPETITION
1. EMPHASIS: I want my money, right now, right here, all right?
2. ANAPHORA: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place, (I was) at the wrong time on the wrong day. (ellipsis) * I have a dream that one day ... (4 times) * It was the best of times, it was the worst of times ... We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.
3. Antanaclasis: If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm * Your argument is sound (sensible, reliable). Nothing but sound (noise). (a common kind of pun)
4. RHYMING: No pain, no gain * no bees no honey, no work, no money.
FIGURES OF SPEECH (Rhetorical figures, literary devices)
figures of style, figurative language, or schemes.
Trope: The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification.
Scheme: A change in standard word order or pattern.
https://www.thoughtco.com/top-figures-of-speech-1691818 FOR PRINTING
HYPOPHORA (HIPÓFORA): You know what charm is? a way of getting the answer "yes" without having to ask / having asked any clear question. (Albert Camus) * You know what it's like having five kids / a fourth child? Imagine you're drowning, and (then) someone hands you a baby. Can you imagine a world without men? There'd no crime and lots of fat happy women *
The script for 'Drive Angry' is a great read with great characters and great action.* The little old lady turtled along the road. (using a noun as if it were a verb)
* Don't a-ha me! I hate being given the silent treatment and I hate being given the runaround by doctors and other professionals. It is really, really annoying. (be evasive, dar largar). (Interj. used to express agreement, discovery, or other emotions or feelings).* I am going in search of the great perhaps
You know what I find ironic? How not one single communist regime survivor has ever said, “well that’s not real communism" * You know what's weird? Day by day, nothing seems to change, but pretty soon...everything's different.
TROPS:
ELLIPSIS: Love yourself no matter what! * The first thing that distinguishes a writer is that he is most alive when alone * The strong man is strongest when alone * If in doubt, don't. If still in doubt, do what's right * I made tons of mistakes. Who hasn't? * I've come to realize I'm a professional, no matter if I'm 38, no matter if I'm 19 or 20. I'm a professional.
EUPHEMISM: I'm moving on in years, but I tell you I still want to kick the devil before I kick the bucket (dying) * We've lost 400,000 jobs in Michigan because of downsizing. (firing)
If in doubt, don't. If still in doubt, do what's right.
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/donald_rumsfeld_135957
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/donald_rumsfeld_135957
We've lost 400,000 jobs in Michigan because of downsizing.
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/debbie_stabenow_475477
HYPERBOLE: Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times * I've told you a million times not to call me a liar! * A ton of ...Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/debbie_stabenow_475477
IRONY: Most people do not mind dying, as long as that does not happen today * Prejudice is a great time saver. You can / It enables you to form opinions without having to get / bothering to get / getting the facts * Oh, I love spending big bucks.
Life is neither comedy or tragedy, life is what you make of it.
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/radha_mitchell_279391
PARADOXES / OXIMORON: I was never less alone than when by myself * I am deeply superficial (Oxim) * If you are afraid of loneliness, don’t marry * Many would be cowards if they dared * Nothing fixes a thing so intensely in the memory as the wish to forget it * You'll find yourself asking, “How am I supposed to gain experience if I'm constantly turned down for not having any?Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/radha_mitchell_279391
PUNS: Einstein developed a theory about space, and it was about time too.
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS: What does it matter? (meaning: it doesn't matter) * Philosophy: How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are? *
How old would you be if you didn't know how old you are?
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/satchel_paige_103901
With all the violence on TV today, is it any wonder kids bring guns to school? You have to think anyway, why not think big? Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/satchel_paige_103901
SIMILE: (Doing) math(s) is like going to the gym for your brain / it's a workout for your brain, strengthens and sharpens your mind and it makes you smarter * Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving * Worry(ing) is like (sitting on) a rocking chair: it (will) gives you something to do / you can rock all you want, but never gets you anywhere / but it doesn't get you anywhere / but (it) gets you nowhere / but (it) won't get you anywhere. SCHEMES:
ANASTROPHE (HYPERBATON / INVERSION): Not only is there no God, but try getting a plumber on weekends * Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall (Shakespeare)
ANTITHESIS: * A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * There are so many things that we wish we had done yesterday, so few (things) that we feel like doing today * I'd rather annoy with the truth than please with adulation * To be, or not to be: that is the question * Being superstitious is for ignorants, but not being superstitious is bad luck * There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about * There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it * The only thing worse than not getting what you want is someone else getting it
REPETITION: I want my money, right now, right here, all right? (emphasis)
Anaphora: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place, (I was) at the wrong time on the wrong day. (ellipsis) * I have a dream that one day ... (4 times) * It was the best of times, it was the worst of times ... We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.
Antanaclasis: If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm * Your argument is sound (sensible, reliable). Nothing but sound (noise). (a common kind of pun)
Parallelism: Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself * A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * We love life, not because we are used to living but because we are used to loving.
Antimetabole (aka Chiasmus): Ask not what your country can do for you; ask instead what you can do for your country (ask what's for lunch) * (We should) Eat (in order) to live, not live (in order) to eat, as we (all) do today
* He who questions training only trains himself at asking questions * Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something.
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RHETORICA
Rhetoric: The Art of PersuasionThe art of using language to convince or persuade.
La retórica es la disciplina transversal a distintos campos de conocimiento (ciencia de la literatura, ciencia política, publicidad, periodismo, ciencias de la educación, ciencias sociales, derecho, estudios bíblicos, etc.) que se ocupa de estudiar y de sistematizar procedimientos y técnicas de utilización del lenguaje, puestos al servicio de una finalidad persuasiva o estética, añadida a su finalidad comunicativa.1
Históricamente, la retórica tiene su origen en la Grecia clásica, donde se entendía, en palabras de los tratadistas clásicos, como el ars bene dicendi, esto es, la técnica de expresarse de manera adecuada para lograr la persuasión del destinatario (etimológicamente, la palabra es un helenismo que proviene del griego ρητορική [τέχνη], «rhetorikè (téchne)»).
Memoria
La memorización del discurso elaborado depende de dos tipos de memoria según los tratadistas clásicos: la memoria naturalis (la innata) y la memoria artificiosa, que implica una serie de procedimientos mnemotécnicos para facilitar el recuerdo.Actio
También llamada pronuntiatio, se ocupa de la declamación del discurso, prestando atención a la modulación de la voz y de los gestos, que debe estar en consonancia con el contenido del mismo.Rhetoric[a] is the art of using language to convince or persuade. Aristotle defines rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" and since mastery of the art was necessary for victory in a case at law or for passage of proposals in the assembly or for fame as a speaker in civic ceremonies, calls it "a combination of the science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics".[5] Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals, logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric or phases of developing a persuasive speech were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.
From Ancient Greece to the late 19th century, rhetoric, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic – see Martianus Capella) is one of the three ancient arts of discourse, played a central role in Western education in training orators, lawyers, counsellors, historians, statesmen, and poets.[6][7]
Rhetoric (Aristotle) is an ancient Greek treatise on the art of persuasion, dating from the 4th century BC. The English title varies: typically it is titled Rhetoric, the Art of Rhetoric, On Rhetoric, or a Treatise on Rhetoric.
The Rhetoric is regarded by most rhetoricians as "the most important single work on persuasion ever written.
Like the other works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity, the Rhetoric seems not to have been intended for publication, being instead a collection of his students' notes in response to his lectures. The treatise shows the development of Aristotle's thought through two different periods while he was in Athens, and illustrates Aristotle's expansion of the study of rhetoric beyond Plato's early criticism of it in the Gorgias (c. 386 BC) as immoral, dangerous, and unworthy of serious study.[7][8] Plato's final dialogue on rhetoric, the Phaedrus (c. 370 BC), offered a more moderate view of rhetoric, acknowledging its value in the hands of a true philosopher (the "midwife of the soul") for "winning the soul through discourse." This dialogue offered Aristotle, first a student and then a teacher at Plato's Academy, a more positive starting point for the development of rhetoric as an art worthy of systematic, scientific study.The Rhetoric was developed by Aristotle during two periods when he was in Athens, the first, from 367–347 BC (when he was seconded to Plato in the Academy); and the second, from 335–322 BC (when he was running his own school, the Lyceum).
The study of rhetoric was contested in classical Greece: on the one side were the sophists, and on the other side were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The trio saw rhetoric and poetry as tools that were too often used to manipulate others by appealing to emotion and omitting facts. They particularly accused the sophists, including Gorgias and Isocrates, of this manipulation. Plato, particularly, laid the blame for the arrest and the death of Socrates at the feet of sophistical rhetoric. In stark contrast to the emotional rhetoric and poetry of the sophists was a rhetoric grounded in philosophy and the pursuit of enlightenment.
One of the most important contributions of Aristotle's approach was that he identified rhetoric as one of the three key elements—along with logic and dialectic—of philosophy. Indeed, the first line of the Rhetoric is "Rhetoric is a counterpart of dialectic".[9] According to Aristotle, logic is concerned with reasoning to reach scientific certainty while dialectic and rhetoric are concerned with probability and, thus, are the branches of philosophy that are best suited to human affairs. Dialectic is a tool for philosophical debate; it is a means for skilled audiences to test probable knowledge in order to learn. Conversely, rhetoric is a tool for practical debate; it is a means for persuading a general audience using probable knowledge to resolve practical issues. Dialectic and rhetoric create a partnership for a system of persuasion based on knowledge instead of upon manipulation and omission.
Aristotle's famous definition of rhetoric is viewed as the ability in any particular case to see the available means of persuasion.
The Difference Between Rhetoric And Dialectic
From time immemorial, philosophers have
used discourse or speech as a means of reasoning or to put across a
point of view in an academic setting. Falling under the sphere of
formal logic, two slightly differing arms of this discourse are rhetoric
and dialectic. Both considered deliberation as a means of arriving at
the truth, as a social activity which involved verbal skills.
Both Rhetoric and Dialectic are means of
expressing opinion using dialogue and great oratory skills. Both use
persuasion and reasonable argument to support or refute a proposition. But this is where the similarity ends.
What is rhetoric?
Rhetoric, put simply is a one man show –
a speaker trying to influence his audience through motivational words
and bombastic language. His personal style makes the argument
more effective in arriving at what seems to be the truth. It is a form
of mass persuasion wherein a speaker addresses a large gathering or
assembly. There is very little or no dialogue between the speaker and
his audience. Rhetoric is uninterrupted and there are no arguments or
counter- arguments between the people involved. In layman’s words
rhetoric can be called pompous speech that aims at garnering assent to
the truth being propounded.
What is Dialectic?
Unlike in rhetoric, where the speaker is
addressing a large audience, dialectic is a one on one interactive
session wherein the speaker tries to convince the listener or at least
convince him to accept his logical or philosophical argument through a
series of questions and answers. The deliberation is reasonable and is
limited to one speaker and one listener. It is more personal in nature
and is a form of interrupted discourse. There are vigorous arguments,
objections and counter arguments and objections leading to the arrival
at a universal truth.
What makes rhetoric different from dialectic?
- As opposed to rhetoric which is a unilateral process, wherein one party engages in a lengthy and impassioned speech to bring others to consent to his way of thinking or to accept truth as he envisages it, dialectic is a bilateral process wherein two people or parties, engage in a philosophical argument to reach a consensus of truth through dialogue and debate, refuting and rebutting each other’s propositions.
- Rhetoric is also referred to as a practical art which uses bombastic language, ornamental words and cynical sophistication. Dialectic is more sober, practical and persuasive technique of argument which is deliberative and logical.
- Dialectic influences one person at a time whereas; rhetoric has in its power to sway large audiences to mindless submission. Great speakers have used rhetoric to influence masses over periods of time.
- Rhetoric is usually delivered in public spaces like assemblies, stadiums, political rallies and other large gatherings. The audience is usually so swayed by the words of the speaker that they stop thinking for themselves and are transported to the utopia promised by the speaker, transported to a future time and space which promises the sky. Dialectic, however, is more of a private place dispensation and has very few people listening in and participating in the deliberation. The speaker has much less power to convince the listener as he is constantly stopped by questions and arguments against his proposition.
- Rhetoric is a one way street, whereas dialectic is a two way street. What this means is that rhetoric proceeds in a flow and speech is continuous, while dialectic is fractured frequently by questions and answers.
- Rhetoric is more applicable in matters of the state or public, but dialectic can apply to any common matter.
- Rhetoric assumes that the audience has limited intelligence and will accept any bombastic discourse. Dialectic thrives on two way intelligent argument.
- Dialectic is argumentative and rhetoric is non- argumentative.
In conclusion, one could accept
Aristotle’s view that rhetoric and dialectic are closely related and
resemble each other. They both accept certain premises but are not bound
down by the principles of specific form. Both are concerned with both
sides of the argument through the theory of deduction and induction.
Metaphors are addressed as a skill that cannot be taught and should bestow "verbal beauty". Aristotle discusses another figurative part of speech, the simile (also known as an eikon). Similes are only occasionally useful in speech due to their poetic nature and similarity to metaphor. He Addresses how to speak properly by using connectives, calling things by their specific name, avoiding terms with ambiguous meanings. Rhythm should be incorporated into prose to make it well "rhythmed" but not to the extent of a poem. Aristotle further highlights the metaphor and addresses how it brings about learning and enables visualizatio. Explains why devices of style can defamiliarize language. Aristotle warns that it is inappropriate to speak in hyperbole
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FIGURES OF SUBSTITUTION
Allusion: is a reference to an event, place, or person. for example, you might say, "I Can't get changed that quickly, I'm not superman!" referring to something well known allows the writer to make a point without elaborating in great detail.
anthimeria: Substitution of one part of speech for another: I'm down (sad, feeling blue, drepessed); There is simply too much corruption, too much money available for the taking/asking (you can easily obtain it)
Anthimeria -- using a different part of speech to act as another, such as a verb for a noun, or a noun for a verb, or an adjective as a verb, etc.:
In rhetoric, anthimeria, traditionally and more properly called antimeria involves using one part of speech as another part of speech. Using a noun as a verb has become so common that many nouns have actually become verbs also. For example, "Let's book the flight." The noun "book" is now often used as a verb, as in this example. Other noun-as-verb usages include "I can keyboard that for you," "We need to scissor expenses," and "Desk him." Other substitutions could include an adjective used as a noun, as in "She dove into the foaming wet," interjection as verb, as in "Don't aha me!" a verb as a noun, as in "Help! I need some eat!" and so on.
The script for 'Drive Angry' is a great read with great characters and great action.* The little old lady turtled along the road. (using a noun as if it were a verb)
* Don't aha me! I hate being given the silent treatment and I hate being given the runaround by doctors and other professionals. It is really, really annoying. (be evasive)
* I am going in search of the great perhaps
antonomasia (see periphrasis, metonymy, synecdoche and allusion)
Etymology: From the Greek, "instead of" plus "name" ("to name differently")
Antonomasia is a type of synecdoche. This figure is basically a nickname.
Ex: The Fab Four" for The Beatles; The Bard (of Avon)" for William Shakespeare (so called from his birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon.
Substituting a descriptive phrase for a proper name, or substituting a proper name for a quality associated with it:
* When I eventually met Mr. Right I had no idea that his first name was Always.
This trope (antonomasia) is of the same nature as metonymy, although it can not be said to exhibit the idea more vividly. Its principal use is to avoid the repetition of the same name, and the too frequent use of the pronoun. The most frequent forms of it are, naming a person from his parentage or country; as, Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican: or naming him from some of his deeds; as, instead of Wellington, the hero of Waterloo. In making use of this trope such designations should be selected as are well known, or can be easily understood from the connection, and free from ambiguity--that is, are not equally applicable to other well-known persons."
euphemismus
Substituting a more acceptable for a less acceptable term.
synonymia
Substituting many different synonymous words or expressions for an original.
Anachronism
An anachronism occurs when there is an (intentional) error in the chronology or timeline of a text. This could be a character who appears in a different time period than when he actually lived, or a technology that appears before it was invented. Anachronisms are often used for comedic effect.
Example: A Renaissance king who
says, "That’s dope, dude!" would be an anachronism, since this type of
language is very modern and not actually from the Renaissance period.
Colloquialism is the use of informal language and slang. It's often used by authors to lend a sense of realism to their characters and dialogue. Forms of colloquialism include words, phrases, and contractions that aren't real words (such as "gonna" and "ain’t").
Example: "Hey, what’s up, man?"
This piece of dialogue is an example of a colloquialism, since it uses
common everyday words and phrases, namely "what’s up" and "man.
Epigraph
Euphemism
Hypophora: You know what charm is? a way of getting the answer yes without having asked any clear question * Can you imagine a world without men? There'd no crime and lots of fat happy women
Paradox:
Example: Here's
a famous paradoxical sentence: "This statement is false." If the
statement is true, then it isn’t actually false (as it suggests). But if
it’s false, then the statement is true! Thus, this statement is a
paradox because it is both true and false at the same time.
* You'll find yourself asking, “How am I supposed to gain experience if I'm constantly turned down for not having any?”
Tropes and Schemes
In classical rhetoric, the tropes and schemes fall under the canon of style. These stylistic features certainly do add spice to writing and speaking. And they are commonly thought to be persuasive because they dress up otherwise mundane language; the idea being that we are persuaded by the imagery and artistry because we find it entertaining. There is much more to tropes and schemes than surface considerations. Indeed, politicians and pundits use these language forms to create specific social and political effects by playing on our emotions.
Definitions:
Trope: The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification.
Scheme: A change in standard word order or pattern.
TROPS
Tropes are figures of speech with an unexpected twist
in the meaning of words, as opposed to schemes,
which only deal with patterns of words. A literary trope is the use of figurative language, via word, phrase or an image, for artistic effect such as using a figure of speech.
1. Anthimeria (syn: conversion, zero derivation) -- using a different part of speech to act as another, such as a verb for a noun, or a noun for a verb, or an adjective as a verb, etc.: "Gift him with Sports Illustrated magazine for Christmas" (as opposed to give him); "he sang his didn't, he danced his did (1)." (e. e. cummings); "I am going in search of the great perhaps" (Rabelais).
(1) meaning: Anyone was able to rejoice in the things he didn't do ( rather than complain ) and he was also able to celebrate the things he did do ( he danced ) so he was not regretful.
In rhetoric, anthimeria, traditionally and more properly called antimeria (from the Greek: ἀντί, antí, "against, opposite" and μέρος, méros, "part"), involves using one part of speech as another part of speech, such as using a noun as if it were a verb: "The little old lady turtled along the road." Using a noun as a verb has become so common that many nouns have also become verbs. For example, the noun "book" is now often used as a verb, as in the example "Let's book the flight". Other noun-as-verb usages include "I can keyboard that for you,", "I can't text. My fingers are too big" "We need to scissor expenses," and "Desk him." Other substitutions could include interjection as verb, as in "Don't aha me!" or "Don't mom me boy, I'm serious!", a verb as a noun, as in "Help! I need some eat!" and so on.
Anthimeria: Use of a word that is normally one part of speech in a situation that requires it to be understood as a different part of speech. In English, and this is one of its greatest virtues, almost any noun can be verbed. Indeed, one can read scarce a page of Shakespeare without running across some new verb hatched out of his teeming loin.
(See also Verbification; conversion, zero derivation (linguistics)
Verbification, or verbing, is the creation of a verb from a noun, adjective or other word.
"Verbing weirds language" demonstrating the verbing of both verb and weird. (The former appears in its use as a gerund.)
Verbing
Just as anthimeria can be neologism, verbing can be anthimeria. Verbing, also known as verbification, is a type of anthimeria in which a certain word is transformed into a verb. Here are a few examples of verbing:- Mouth: as in “He mouthed a message to her.”
- Medal: as in “The Olympian medaled seven times.”
- Debut: as in “They debuted the new movie on Friday.”
Related Terms
Anthimeria is not the only unique way of reworking words. Here are a few devices similar to anthimeria:Neologism
A neologism is a new word, or a word that has recently been invented. While neologisms are not always anthimerias, sometimes they are. Words like nerd, cyberspace, and swagger were once neologisms which have fully been accepted into our lexicon. Many neologisms are also anthimerias. Here are a few examples of neologisms that are also anthimerias:- Shakespearean: This adjective for works or studies related to Shakespeare is both a neologism and an anthimeria.
- Blog: The neologism “blog” can also be used as a verb as in “to blog” and another noun as in the “blogger” who blogs.
- Spam: Similar to “blog,” spam has come to be known as unwanted emails containing advertisements and viruses, but it can also be used as a verb as in “to spam someone.”
Function of Anthimeria
Anthimeria is very common in novels, short stories, and particularly in poetry, where such replacement evokes mild emotions of confusion. However, the proposed meaning is not difficult to recognize from the ways and methods of expression commonly used in literature. It happens in advertisements, because the culture of this world is constantly changing, language must also grow, improve, and develop. Anthimeria, in fact, provides writers a method to describe ideas in a unique way that makes the readers think. Sometimes, writers use a new word to create images and imagery. Besides this, it is a method through which we transform and change our language over time.
Examples of Anthimeria
* I could use a good sleep; She headed the ball; Don’t forget to hashtag that post.
Use of Anthimeria in Songs
* These Boots Are Made for Walking (by Nancy Sinatra): Yeah, you keep lyin’ when you oughta be truthin’; You keep samin’ when you oughta be a changin’
* Searching online is no longer “searching.” Now we “Google.”
Anthimeria in Advertising
"Let's Movie," In the slogan for Turner Classic Movies (The noun "movie" is used as a verb).
ShakespeareI ear you you word me ????
2. Aporia (see also rhetorical question) -- Talking about not being able to talk about something: "I can't tell you how often writers use aporia". Aporia is a rhetorical device whereby the speaker expresses a doubt—often feigned—about his position or asks the audience rhetorically how he or she should proceed. The doubts may appear as rhetorical questions, often in the beginning of the text. Aporia is a logical paradox in which the speaker sows seeds of doubt on a subject. This rhetorical strategy can make the audience feel sympathetic toward the speaker regarding the dilemma he is in.
* I can't tell you how irritating it is to be an atheist in a haunted house.
* I can't tell you what your purpose is, that's got to come from you.
* I can't tell you how lucky I feel to be able to help others by doing what I love, which is running,
* I can’t tell you how lucky I feel to be able to compete around the world in something that I just love doing
Features of Aporia
- Aporia is used as a rhetorical device in literature.
- It is also called “dubitation,” which means that the uncertainty is always untruthful.
- It could be a question or a statement.
- It is often used in philosophy. It relates to philosophical questions and subjects which have no obvious answers.
- Plato and Socrates were well-known for using aporia.
One aim of aporia may be to discredit the speaker's opponent. Aporia is also called dubitatio. For example:
* To be, or not to be: that is the question. Hamlet (By William Shakespeare)
* You see, we believe that ‘We’re all in this together’ is a far better philosophy than ‘You’re on your own.’ So who’s right? (Bill Clinton)
* How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man? (Bob Dylan, Blowing in the Wind)
Apostrophe -- (not to be confused with the punctuation mark): addressing someone or some abstraction that is not physically present: "Oh, Death, be not proud" (John Donne). "Ah, Mr. Newton, you would be pleased to see how far we have progressed in physics."
Conversion (linguistics). Synonyms: anthimeria, shift, shifting. Also Known As: functional shift, role shifting, zero derivation, category shift: 1. Interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition. 2. The process whereby a new word is created without changing the form, often by allowing the word to function as a new part of speech.
Hyperbole -- Aka exaggeration: is an exaggerated statement that's not meant to be taken literally by the reader. It is often used for comedic effect and/or emphasis.
Example: "I’m so hungry I could eat a horse." The speaker will not literally eat an entire horse (and most likely couldn’t), but this hyperbole emphasizes how starved the speaker feels.
* Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times.
Hyphora is similar to a rhetorical question. The difference is that when a speaker poses a rhetorical question, he does not answer it.
What is happiness? The feeling that power is growing and that resistance is overcome. (Friedrich Nietzsche)
Irony: A trope in which a word or phrase is used to mean the opposite of its literal meaning. For example, if someone were to say in a snide (sarcastic) tone of voice that he just "loves" a given book, this would actually mean that he does not care for the book at all. Irony is thus a very important tool for indirect communication, or when one wishes to call attention to some state of affairs that cannot be addressed in a direct way.
* Most people do not mind dying, as long as that does not happen today
* Prejudice is a great time saver. You can form opinions without having to get the facts
* Oh, I love spending big bucks!; I just love scrubbing the floor!
Defining irony
Irony is the expression of one’s meaning using language that normally signifies the opposite, . An ironic situation is one which is contrary to what is expected. Using irony as a literary technique originated with Greek tragedy, in which the opposite of a character’s words and actions are clear to the audience. In this instance, the character is not aware of the irony, but the audience is. Irony is the difference between the appearance of a situation and the reality. As a figure of speech, irony means that words are used in a way that makes their meaning opposite from the actual meaning.
The purpose of Irony
The purpose of using irony as a literary device is to add meaning; in some conversation or literary situations irony may lighten the mood, or add another layer of meaning. Since life is fraught with double entendres (meaning double meanings), irony is quite valuable in individual expression and criticism of the status quo in society.
George Orwell’s novels are ironic, and a true understanding of their meaning is impossible to gain unless that irony is detected and understood. In 1984, the author uses both satire and irony in order to present a dystopian world in which the ruling party idealized “Big Brother.” Each branch of the government performs the opposite of the task for which it is named, and controls the populace with doublethink which is thinking two contradictory thoughts at the same time. The ruling party’s slogan is “War is Peace; Freedom is Slavery; Ignorance is Strength.”
* I just love scrubbing the floor.
* Prejudice is a great time saver. You can form opinions without having to get the facts.
Litotes (especially popular in Old
English) is a type of meiosis in which the writer uses a
statement in the negative to create the effect: "You know,
Einstein is not a bad mathematician." (i.e., Einstein is
a good mathematician.)
Metaphor -- when something is something else: the ladder of success (i.e, success is a ladder). A metaphore is a figurative device in which one thing is compared to another unlike thing. A metaphore directly compares the two things-saying that one thing is the other. This makes it different from a simile because a simile says that it is like the other. Ex: The book was an addiction; I couldn't put it down.
* It is no use walking anywhere to preach unless our walking is our preaching. - Francis of Assisi.
Meiosis -- understatement (opposite of exaggeration): "I was somewhat worried when the psychopath ran toward me with a chainsaw." (i.e., I was terrified).
Metonymy -- using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea: CROWN for royalty; the PEN is mightier than the SWORD. "If we cannot strike offenders in the heart, let us strike them in the wallet." We use metonymy in everyday speech when we refer to the entire movie-making industry as a mere suburb of L.A., "Hollywood," or when we refer to the collective decisions of the United States government as "Washington," or the "White House."
In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, the word “crown” is used to refer to power or authority is a metonymy. It is not a part of the thing it represents.
Oxymoron (plural oxymora also called Paradox)-- Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense. Examples of oxymora include jumbo shrimp, sophisticated rednecks, and military intelligence. The best oxymora seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. For instance, "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"
Paradox: A paradox is a statement or argument that contradicts itself, but still seems, on the surface, to make sense. The classic example is:
* This statement is a lie.
Right at first, it might seem like there’s nothing wrong with this sentence. But if you work out its logical implications, there is a clear contradiction: if the statement is true, then it’s a lie, which would make it true, and therefore a lie.
* All Cretans are liars.
A paradox of self-reference arises when one considers whether it is possible for Epimenides to have spoken the truth.
*
Personification -- giving human qualities to inanimate objects: "The ground thirsts for rain; the wind whispered secrets to us."
Puns & Wordplay -- A pun twists the meaning of words.
** To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms.
Types of Puns.
Antanaclasis
is the literary trope in which a single word or phrase is repeated, but in two different senses. Antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans.
* We must, indeed, all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.
* The American football coach Vince Lombardi once told his team: "If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired, with enthusiasm"
* We make the traveler's lot a lot easier. — Overseas National Airways (slogan)
Homophonic Puns (paranomasia): Homophonic puns exploit words that sound alike but have different meanings. They use word pairs which sound alike but are not synonymous. They use like sounds but with different spellings and meanings. Usually, the nuances of the sentence structure are ignored to bring in the humor element. This type of pun uses homonyms (words that sound the same) with different meanings. Here, the pun depends on similar-sounding words with different meanings. Homophones are homonyms that share the same pronunciation, e.g.: to, too,and two.
* "Johnny B. Good" is a pun for "Johnny be good."
Homographic pun: uses words that are spelled the same but sound different. These puns are often written rather than spoken, as they briefly trick the reader into reading the "wrong" sound. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns.
An example which combines homophonic and homographic punning is Bear (verb) means to endure, and bear (noun) is a name of an animal can be considered as one of the examples of homograph. This literary device is one of the types of pun (paronomasia).
* The motorist says to the cop, "Why can't I park my car here? The sign says 'Fine for Parking'!"
* Math class is full of drama . There are so many problems to work out.
One of two or more words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation, such as fair (pleasing in appearance) and fair (market) or wind (wĭnd) and wind (wīnd).
Pun as wordplay
* Why can't you starve in the desert? Because of all the sand which is there.
Pun-Antanaclasis: A rhetorical device in which a word is repeated and whose meaning changes in the second instance. It is a common kind of pun.
Rhetorical Question (see Erotema): A trope in which the one asks a leading question.
* You'll find yourself asking, How am I supposed to gain experience (to be hired for a job) if I'm constantly turned down for not having any?
The things used for symbolism are called "symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout a text, sometimes changing in meaning as the plot progresses.
Simile - Descriptions or comparisons withe the word "like". A Simile is when something is like something else. A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different / unlike things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as.” Therefore, it is a direct comparison: He was as unpleasant as a veneral disease; Comparing / To compare the albums is like trying to compare apples and oranges.
* A brain is like a muscle, it's something you should definitely train everyday; if you don't use it, you loose it.
* Being famous is a little bit like living like a fugitive.
* Divorce is like an amputation. You survive it, but there's less of you. But sometimes it's like being handed a "gift"
* (Doing) math(s) is like going to the gym for your brain / it's a workout for your brain, strengthens and sharpens your mind and it makes you smarter.
* Getting divorced just because you don't love a man is almost as silly as getting married just because you do.
* Having a husband is literally like having a child.
* Having more than one website for your personal brand is (kind of) like having more than one wife. Neither will be happy. It could be fun for a while until you run out of money
* Learning English is like learning to swim or play ball. We learn to swim by swimming, to play ball by plaing ball, and to speak English by speaking English. * You don't learn to walk by following rules. You learn by doing, and by falling over.
* Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving.
* Life is like a piano. What you get out of it (largely) depends (to a remarkable extent / entirely) on how you play it.
Metaphor -- when something is something else: the ladder of success (i.e, success is a ladder). A metaphore is a figurative device in which one thing is compared to another unlike thing. A metaphore directly compares the two things-saying that one thing is the other. This makes it different from a simile because a simile says that it is like the other. Ex: The book was an addiction; I couldn't put it down.
* It is no use walking anywhere to preach unless our walking is our preaching. - Francis of Assisi.
* Life is just a bowl of cherries, don't take it serious(ly), its mysterious *
Meiosis -- understatement (opposite of exaggeration): "I was somewhat worried when the psychopath ran toward me with a chainsaw." (i.e., I was terrified).
Metonymy -- using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea: CROWN for royalty; the PEN is mightier than the SWORD. "If we cannot strike offenders in the heart, let us strike them in the wallet." We use metonymy in everyday speech when we refer to the entire movie-making industry as a mere suburb of L.A., "Hollywood," or when we refer to the collective decisions of the United States government as "Washington," or the "White House."
Metonymy and Synecdoche
Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called “synecdoche.” These devices resemble one another, but are not the same. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car “a wheel” is a synecdoche, as a part of a car – the “wheel” – stands for the whole car.In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, the word “crown” is used to refer to power or authority is a metonymy. It is not a part of the thing it represents.
Oxymoron (plural oxymora also called Paradox)-- Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense. Examples of oxymora include jumbo shrimp, sophisticated rednecks, and military intelligence. The best oxymora seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. For instance, "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"
Paradox: A paradox is a statement or argument that contradicts itself, but still seems, on the surface, to make sense. The classic example is:
* This statement is a lie.
Right at first, it might seem like there’s nothing wrong with this sentence. But if you work out its logical implications, there is a clear contradiction: if the statement is true, then it’s a lie, which would make it true, and therefore a lie.
* All Cretans are liars.
A paradox of self-reference arises when one considers whether it is possible for Epimenides to have spoken the truth.
*
Personification -- giving human qualities to inanimate objects: "The ground thirsts for rain; the wind whispered secrets to us."
Puns & Wordplay -- A pun twists the meaning of words.
** To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms.
Types of Puns.
Antanaclasis
is the literary trope in which a single word or phrase is repeated, but in two different senses. Antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans.
* We must, indeed, all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.
* The American football coach Vince Lombardi once told his team: "If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired, with enthusiasm"
* We make the traveler's lot a lot easier. — Overseas National Airways (slogan)
Homophonic Puns (paranomasia): Homophonic puns exploit words that sound alike but have different meanings. They use word pairs which sound alike but are not synonymous. They use like sounds but with different spellings and meanings. Usually, the nuances of the sentence structure are ignored to bring in the humor element. This type of pun uses homonyms (words that sound the same) with different meanings. Here, the pun depends on similar-sounding words with different meanings. Homophones are homonyms that share the same pronunciation, e.g.: to, too,and two.
* "Johnny B. Good" is a pun for "Johnny be good."
* The pun is mightier than the sword.—Unknown
* The ballot is stronger than the bullet.—Abraham Lincoln
* Atheism is a non-prophet organization.—George Carlin
* Your children need your presence more than your presents.—Jesse Jackson
* Immanuel doesn't pun; he Kant.—Oscar Wilde
* The wedding was so emotional that even the cake was in tiers.* The ballot is stronger than the bullet.—Abraham Lincoln
* Atheism is a non-prophet organization.—George Carlin
* Your children need your presence more than your presents.—Jesse Jackson
* Immanuel doesn't pun; he Kant.—Oscar Wilde
* Why is it so wet in England? Because many kings and queens have reigned there.
Examples of homophones are: scent and sent, jeans and genes, waive and wave, and buy and bye.
Homonyms: In linguistics, homonyms, broadly defined, are words which sound alike or are spelled alike, but have different meanings. A more restrictive definition sees homonyms as words that are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and Homophones: All words and phrases that sound the same but have different meanings. They are words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling; that is to say, they have identical pronunciation and spelling, whilst maintaining different meanings.
Homographs: words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
Put quite simply, a homograph is a group (usually a pair) of words that are spelled the same way, and may or may not be pronounced the same way, although the difference in pronunciation is often just a shift in the accented syllable.
Ambiguity in stress placements.
The meaning of a word can change if you stress a different syllable. This change only happens with a few, specific words, many of which are listed here — it doesn’t apply to all words in the English language. Most of the words are two syllables long — there are just a few examples with three syllables.
The examples fall into two categories:
- He is taking part in a boxing CON-test. (a fighting competition)
- I’m sorry, I have to con-TEST your figures. (I can’t agree with your figures)
- There’s quite a CON-trast between their political views. (a big difference)
- I will compare and con-TRAST these two poems. (show the differences between them)
- If you keep playing that game, you will get add-ICT-ed to it! (you will become an addict)
- Your homework is PER-fect. (it has no mistakes in it)
- We need to per-FECT our design (we need to improve it)
- Do you have a PER-mit to drive this lorry?. (document giving permission)
- Will you per-MIT me to park my car in front of your house? (allow me)
- She gave me a nice PRES-ent on my birthday. (gift)
- Allow me to pres-ENT my friend, David. (introduce)
- She always keeps a RE-cord of what she spends every month. (note)
- It’s important to re-CORD how much you spend every month. (make a note of)
- The police interviewed the SUS-pect for five hours, but then let him go. (someone they thought might have committed a crime)
- I sus-PECT that tree will have to be cut down, before it falls and causes some damage. (have a feeling, think, imagine)
PROject-proJECT; DEcrease (a reduction)-deCREASE (to become smaller); INcrease-inCREASE; disCOUNT-DIScount; imPORT-Import; exPORT /ɪksˈpɔːt/-EXport (/ˈɛkspɔːrt)
- He can con-VERSE in three different languages. (have conversations)
- What is that OB-ject over there? (thing)
- Would anyone ob-JECT if I opened a window? (complain)
- What is the SUB-ject of today’s lesson? (topic)
- Oh dear, our teacher is going to sub-JECT us to another test. (impose on us, make us endure)
There is a whole class of homographs that end in -ate, usually with one being a verb and the other being a noun or an adjective related to it. For example:
Examples of common homographs:
accent - 1. (uk /əkˈsent/ us /ˈæk.sent): to emphasize something; stress or emphasis: In any advertising campaign, you must accent the areas where your product is better than the competition. / 2. a manner of speaking or pronunciation influenced by the region in which one lives or grew up (/ˈæk.sənt/)
content - 1. happy or satisfied; pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement (/kənˈtent/): He seems fairly content with (his) life. / 2. all that is contained inside something; the ideas that are contained in a piece of writing, a speech, or a film ( /ˈkɑːn.tent/): It's a very stylish and beautiful film, but it lacks content; the table of (= list of) contents (2 words)
contract - an agreement (/ˈkɑːn.trækt/): a contract of employment; a temporary contract / 2. (formal) to get, acquire or incur; to catch or become ill with a disease: (/kənˈtrækt/): He contracted malaria while he was travelling. 3. to become smaller in amount or quantity: In spoken English, "do not" often contracts to "don't"; A recession is a period when the economy is contracting. (3 words)
desert - a hot, arid region (uk /ˈdez.ət/ us /ˈdez.ɚt/) / to leave to leave someone without help or in a difficult situation and not come back / to leave the armed forces without permission and with no intention of returning (uk /dɪˈzɜːt/ us /dɪˈzɝːt/)
fine (/faɪn/) - very good/sharp or keen/delicate or subtle/a sum of money paid to settle a matter 1. good or good enough; healthy and well: My diet would be fine if only I didn't have this weakness for sweet things; 2. excellent or much better than average: The world's finest collection of Impressionist paintings is housed in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. 3. (uk) sunny and dry: The forecast said it would be fine and dry today; 4. (informal) bad or not convenient: That's a fine (= very unpleasant) thing to say about your father after all he's done for you!; He picked a fine time to leave us; 5. an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law: If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy (= severe) fine; The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1,000 fine; synonyms: a ticket 6. (B2) in a satisfactory way: "Will a loan of $500 be sufficient?" "That will suit me fine."; It was working fine yesterday. Synonym: OK (6 words)
lead - 1. to go first with followers behind (/liːd/) / 2. a type of metal (/led/) (2 words)
minute 1. 60 seconds (/ˈmɪn.ɪt/) / 2. to make a written record of what is said at a meeting: The chairman is minuted as having said that profits had fallen to an all-time low. 3. extremely small - (uk /maɪˈnjuːt/ us /maɪˈnuːt/): a minute amount / quantity (3 words)
object - (/ˈɒb.dʒɪkt/): 1. a thing you can see or touch / 2. a goal / 3. a noun that receives the action of a verb/to be opposed to, 4. (/əbˈdʒekt/) Complain; to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone: Would anyone object if we started the meeting now? (4 words)
project - (/'prədʒekt/)a plan or proposal/to throw or hurl forward/to cause a shadow or image to fall upon a surface 3. (/prəˈdʒekt/) to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from information already known: The hotels are projecting big profits.
row - (uk /rəʊ/ us /roʊ/): a fight/to propel a boat forward using oars/a line (3 words)
second - 1. 1/60th of a minute / 2. after the first / 3. (MEETINGS) to make a formal statement of support for a suggestion made by someone else during a meeting so that there can be (in order to allow) a discussion or vote: Second a motion; The motion was proposed by the secretary and seconded by the treasurer. (compare propose)Homonyms: In linguistics, homonyms, broadly defined, are words which sound alike or are spelled alike, but have different meanings. A more restrictive definition sees homonyms as words that are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and Homophones: All words and phrases that sound the same but have different meanings. They are words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling; that is to say, they have identical pronunciation and spelling, whilst maintaining different meanings.
List of true homonyms
Homonyms are words that are both spelled and pronounced the same as each other, yet have different meanings.
Homonyms: arm, back, bank, bear, box, book, can, chair, check, cool, fair, fat, fine, fire,
Homographs: words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
Put quite simply, a homograph is a group (usually a pair) of words that are spelled the same way, and may or may not be pronounced the same way, although the difference in pronunciation is often just a shift in the accented syllable.
Ambiguity in stress placements.
English orthography is often ambiguous. For example, the word “read” can be pronounced either /riːd/ (“reed”) or as /rɛd/ (“red”) depending on whether it refers to the present or the past tense.
There is a large class of such words characterized by ambiguity in
stress placements. When a word can be stressed on two different
syllables, stress placement determines the part of speech of the word
(e.g. whether it is a verb or a noun). As a rule of thumb, if the stress
is on the second syllable, the word is usually a verb.The meaning of a word can change if you stress a different syllable. This change only happens with a few, specific words, many of which are listed here — it doesn’t apply to all words in the English language. Most of the words are two syllables long — there are just a few examples with three syllables.
The examples fall into two categories:
- Those which keep the same general meaning, but which change from noun to verb when the stress moves from the first to the second syllable.
- Those which change their meaning completely — most of them change from noun to verb, but a few change to an adjective.
1. Change from noun to verb, same general meaning:
- Rob is a crack cocaine ADD-ict. (Rob is a person who uses crack cocaine and cannot stop doing it)- He is taking part in a boxing CON-test. (a fighting competition)
- I’m sorry, I have to con-TEST your figures. (I can’t agree with your figures)
- There’s quite a CON-trast between their political views. (a big difference)
- I will compare and con-TRAST these two poems. (show the differences between them)
- If you keep playing that game, you will get add-ICT-ed to it! (you will become an addict)
- Your homework is PER-fect. (it has no mistakes in it)
- We need to per-FECT our design (we need to improve it)
- Do you have a PER-mit to drive this lorry?. (document giving permission)
- Will you per-MIT me to park my car in front of your house? (allow me)
- She gave me a nice PRES-ent on my birthday. (gift)
- Allow me to pres-ENT my friend, David. (introduce)
- She always keeps a RE-cord of what she spends every month. (note)
- It’s important to re-CORD how much you spend every month. (make a note of)
- The police interviewed the SUS-pect for five hours, but then let him go. (someone they thought might have committed a crime)
- I sus-PECT that tree will have to be cut down, before it falls and causes some damage. (have a feeling, think, imagine)
PROject-proJECT; DEcrease (a reduction)-deCREASE (to become smaller); INcrease-inCREASE; disCOUNT-DIScount; imPORT-Import; exPORT /ɪksˈpɔːt/-EXport (/ˈɛkspɔːrt)
2. Change from noun to verb or noun to adjective, different meaning:
- Do you think firm A is more successful than firm B? I think the CON-verse is true. (opposite)- He can con-VERSE in three different languages. (have conversations)
- What is that OB-ject over there? (thing)
- Would anyone ob-JECT if I opened a window? (complain)
- What is the SUB-ject of today’s lesson? (topic)
- Oh dear, our teacher is going to sub-JECT us to another test. (impose on us, make us endure)
There is a whole class of homographs that end in -ate, usually with one being a verb and the other being a noun or an adjective related to it. For example:
Examples of common homographs:
accent - 1. (uk /əkˈsent/ us /ˈæk.sent): to emphasize something; stress or emphasis: In any advertising campaign, you must accent the areas where your product is better than the competition. / 2. a manner of speaking or pronunciation influenced by the region in which one lives or grew up (/ˈæk.sənt/)
content - 1. happy or satisfied; pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement (/kənˈtent/): He seems fairly content with (his) life. / 2. all that is contained inside something; the ideas that are contained in a piece of writing, a speech, or a film ( /ˈkɑːn.tent/): It's a very stylish and beautiful film, but it lacks content; the table of (= list of) contents (2 words)
contract - an agreement (/ˈkɑːn.trækt/): a contract of employment; a temporary contract / 2. (formal) to get, acquire or incur; to catch or become ill with a disease: (/kənˈtrækt/): He contracted malaria while he was travelling. 3. to become smaller in amount or quantity: In spoken English, "do not" often contracts to "don't"; A recession is a period when the economy is contracting. (3 words)
desert - a hot, arid region (uk /ˈdez.ət/ us /ˈdez.ɚt/) / to leave to leave someone without help or in a difficult situation and not come back / to leave the armed forces without permission and with no intention of returning (uk /dɪˈzɜːt/ us /dɪˈzɝːt/)
fine (/faɪn/) - very good/sharp or keen/delicate or subtle/a sum of money paid to settle a matter 1. good or good enough; healthy and well: My diet would be fine if only I didn't have this weakness for sweet things; 2. excellent or much better than average: The world's finest collection of Impressionist paintings is housed in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. 3. (uk) sunny and dry: The forecast said it would be fine and dry today; 4. (informal) bad or not convenient: That's a fine (= very unpleasant) thing to say about your father after all he's done for you!; He picked a fine time to leave us; 5. an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law: If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy (= severe) fine; The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1,000 fine; synonyms: a ticket 6. (B2) in a satisfactory way: "Will a loan of $500 be sufficient?" "That will suit me fine."; It was working fine yesterday. Synonym: OK (6 words)
lead - 1. to go first with followers behind (/liːd/) / 2. a type of metal (/led/) (2 words)
minute 1. 60 seconds (/ˈmɪn.ɪt/) / 2. to make a written record of what is said at a meeting: The chairman is minuted as having said that profits had fallen to an all-time low. 3. extremely small - (uk /maɪˈnjuːt/ us /maɪˈnuːt/): a minute amount / quantity (3 words)
object - (/ˈɒb.dʒɪkt/): 1. a thing you can see or touch / 2. a goal / 3. a noun that receives the action of a verb/to be opposed to, 4. (/əbˈdʒekt/) Complain; to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone: Would anyone object if we started the meeting now? (4 words)
project - (/'prədʒekt/)a plan or proposal/to throw or hurl forward/to cause a shadow or image to fall upon a surface 3. (/prəˈdʒekt/) to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from information already known: The hotels are projecting big profits.
row - (uk /rəʊ/ us /roʊ/): a fight/to propel a boat forward using oars/a line (3 words)
Homographic pun: uses words that are spelled the same but sound different. These puns are often written rather than spoken, as they briefly trick the reader into reading the "wrong" sound. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns.
An example which combines homophonic and homographic punning is Bear (verb) means to endure, and bear (noun) is a name of an animal can be considered as one of the examples of homograph. This literary device is one of the types of pun (paronomasia).
Normally in literary works, these make
the readers think, laugh and increase the unambiguousness of text by
playing with precise words. Generally, it is done of your own accord to
create humor and satire. It also increases the vocabulary of readers by
introducing secondary or multiple meanings of the terms.
* The motorist says to the cop, "Why can't I park my car here? The sign says 'Fine for Parking'!"
* Math class is full of drama . There are so many problems to work out.
One of two or more words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation, such as fair (pleasing in appearance) and fair (market) or wind (wĭnd) and wind (wīnd).
Pun as wordplay
* Why can't you starve in the desert? Because of all the sand which is there.
Pun-hypophora
* Have you ever tried to eat a clock? It's very time consuming.
* What's the use of happiness? It can't buy you money.
* Why can a man never starve / Why can't you starve in the desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there / Because of all the 'sand which is there.
Pun-Antanaclasis: A rhetorical device in which a word is repeated and whose meaning changes in the second instance. It is a common kind of pun.
* If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm
Rhetorical Question (see Erotema): A trope in which the one asks a leading question.
Irony (do you think I'm rich / money grows on trees?; feeling depressed: What's the point in trying? * Where did I go wrong?; expressing a bad mood: *
I want my money, right now, right here, all right? * Is that
clear? * Do I make myself clear? *
What should I try to get that job? (meaning: I'll never get that job!); to point out a bad situation: What can she do about that teacher?; to draw attention: Do you know what time it is? (it's late) * Expressing regret: How could I be so stupid / blind / wrong /? He should have done the work * Oh, how could I be so lucky?. I must've done something right *
How could I be so lonely surrounded by so many? *How could I be so dumb thinking I'm the only one / thinking that I could / she would kiss me?
* How could I be so dumb thinking I'm the only one.
* Tigers hunt for food; men hunt for sport: who is the true animal?
* What should honest
citizens do?
* With all the violence on TV today, is it any
wonder kids bring guns to school?* You'll find yourself asking, How am I supposed to gain experience (to be hired for a job) if I'm constantly turned down for not having any?
Symbolism
Symbolism refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a written work to represent something else—typically a broader message or deeper meaning that differs from its literal meaning.The things used for symbolism are called "symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout a text, sometimes changing in meaning as the plot progresses.
Example: In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby, the green light that sits across from Gatsby’s mansion symbolizes Gatsby’s hopes and dreams.
Simile - Descriptions or comparisons withe the word "like". A Simile is when something is like something else. A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different / unlike things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as.” Therefore, it is a direct comparison: He was as unpleasant as a veneral disease; Comparing / To compare the albums is like trying to compare apples and oranges.
* Being famous is a little bit like living like a fugitive.
* Divorce is like an amputation. You survive it, but there's less of you. But sometimes it's like being handed a "gift"
* (Doing) math(s) is like going to the gym for your brain / it's a workout for your brain, strengthens and sharpens your mind and it makes you smarter.
* Getting divorced just because you don't love a man is almost as silly as getting married just because you do.
* Having a husband is literally like having a child.
* Having more than one website for your personal brand is (kind of) like having more than one wife. Neither will be happy. It could be fun for a while until you run out of money
* I find it's impossible for me to read Proust / Henrry James, It's /That's / That would be like having no money and going to the Palace Hotel.
* I imagined being a famous writer would be like being like J. Austen
* It's impossible to compare two bands. It would be like comparing two lovers* Learning English is like learning to swim or play ball. We learn to swim by swimming, to play ball by plaing ball, and to speak English by speaking English. * You don't learn to walk by following rules. You learn by doing, and by falling over.
* Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving.
* Life is like a piano. What you get out of it (largely) depends (to a remarkable extent / entirely) on how you play it.
* Living without philosophising is literally (like) having your eyes closed without ever trying to open them.
* Saving money is just like making money.
* Studying neurobiology to understand humans is like studying ink to understand literature.
* Talking to a communist is literally like talking to a (brick) Wall
* To get divorced because love has died is like selling your car because it's run out of gas.
* Worry(ing) is like (sitting on) a rocking chair: it (will) gives you something to do / you can rock all you want, but never gets you anywhere / but it doesn't get you anywhere / but (it) gets you nowhere / but (it) won't get you anywhere
*****************************************
Zeugma -- one verb using different objects. If this changes the verb's intial meaning, the zeugma is sometimes called syllepsis: If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately" (Ben Franklin); If you are not fired with enthusiasm you'll be fired with enthusiasm.??; The queen of England sometimes takes advice in that chamber, and sometimes tea; She exhausted both her audience and her repertoire.
Alliosis (see Paralellism): Presenting alternatives in a balanced manner: You can eat well or you can sleep well.
Anaphora: A scheme in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: "I will fight for you. I will fight to save Social Security. I will fight to raise the minimum wage."
Anastrophe / Hyperbaton / Inversion: A scheme in which normal word order is changed for emphasis. Example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."
Antithesis: (see juxtaposition) is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.A scheme that makes use of contrasting words, phrases, sentences, or ideas for emphasis (generally used in parallel grammatical structures). Example: " Americans in need are not strangers, they are citizens, not problems, but priorities."
Apostrophe: A scheme in which a person or an abstract quality is directly addressed, whether present or not. Example: "Freedom! You are a beguiling mistress."
Asyndeton: Using no conjunctions to create an effect of speed or simplicity: Veni, vid i vinci: I came. I saw. I conquered; Been there. Done that. (bought the teeshirt)
Polysyndeton: Using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect: This term, I am taking Biology and English and math and music and physics and sociology.
Ellipsis: Omitting a word implied by the previous clause
Epistrophe (see Rhyme): A scheme in which the same word is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: “I believe we should fight for justice. You believe we should fight for justice. How can we not, then, fight for justice?”. Epistrophe which repeats ending sounds, but not entire words, is called rhyme.
Repetition: Repetition, used in text or even speech, helps us understand the importance of what an author is trying to say.
Types of Repetition
Here's where things get a little less repetitive and a little more wordy. There are different types of repetition that can be used in text. For example, authors may repeat a particular word at the start of a phrase, at the end of the phrase or even in the middle. The different types of repetition all have names - long, difficult-to-spell names from the Greeks. Here are some examples:
Anaphoras:
Parallelism: (see Alliosis): When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length. For instance "King Alfred tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable". The previous sentence has parallel structure in use of adjectives.
Parallelism
Isocolon parallelism: (if the writer uses two parallel structures):
Rhyme
* No pain, no gain; no bees no honey, no work no money.
* When the cat’s away the mice will play.
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* To get divorced because love has died is like selling your car because it's run out of gas.
* Worry(ing) is like (sitting on) a rocking chair: it (will) gives you something to do / you can rock all you want, but never gets you anywhere / but it doesn't get you anywhere / but (it) gets you nowhere / but (it) won't get you anywhere
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Synecdoche --
using a part of a physical object to represent the whole
object: "Twenty eyes watched our every move" (i.e., ten
people watched our every move). "A hungry stomach has no
ears" (La Fontaine)
Zeugma -- one verb using different objects. If this changes the verb's intial meaning, the zeugma is sometimes called syllepsis: If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately" (Ben Franklin); If you are not fired with enthusiasm you'll be fired with enthusiasm.??; The queen of England sometimes takes advice in that chamber, and sometimes tea; She exhausted both her audience and her repertoire.
SCHEMES
Alliosis (see Paralellism): Presenting alternatives in a balanced manner: You can eat well or you can sleep well.
Anaphora: A scheme in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: "I will fight for you. I will fight to save Social Security. I will fight to raise the minimum wage."
Anastrophe / Hyperbaton / Inversion: A scheme in which normal word order is changed for emphasis. Example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."
Antithesis: (see juxtaposition) is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.A scheme that makes use of contrasting words, phrases, sentences, or ideas for emphasis (generally used in parallel grammatical structures). Example: " Americans in need are not strangers, they are citizens, not problems, but priorities."
Apostrophe: A scheme in which a person or an abstract quality is directly addressed, whether present or not. Example: "Freedom! You are a beguiling mistress."
Asyndeton: Using no conjunctions to create an effect of speed or simplicity: Veni, vid i vinci: I came. I saw. I conquered; Been there. Done that. (bought the teeshirt)
Polysyndeton: Using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect: This term, I am taking Biology and English and math and music and physics and sociology.
Ellipsis: Omitting a word implied by the previous clause
Epistrophe (see Rhyme): A scheme in which the same word is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: “I believe we should fight for justice. You believe we should fight for justice. How can we not, then, fight for justice?”. Epistrophe which repeats ending sounds, but not entire words, is called rhyme.
Repetition: Repetition, used in text or even speech, helps us understand the importance of what an author is trying to say.
Types of Repetition
Here's where things get a little less repetitive and a little more wordy. There are different types of repetition that can be used in text. For example, authors may repeat a particular word at the start of a phrase, at the end of the phrase or even in the middle. The different types of repetition all have names - long, difficult-to-spell names from the Greeks. Here are some examples:
Anaphoras:
* Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place, at the wrong time on the wrong day. (ellipsis)
* I want my money, right now, right here, all right? (emphasis)
Antanaclasis: A rhetorical device in which a word is repeated and whose meaning
changes in the second instance. It is a common kind of pun.
* If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm
ANTIMETABOLE (aka Chiasmus): is derived from a Greek word which means “turning about.” It is a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order.
* Ask not what your country can do for you; ask (instead) what you can do for your country.
* Eat to live, not live to eat.
* He who questions training only trains himself at asking questions.
* If you can’t be with the one you love, love the one you’re with.
* You stood up for America, now America must stand up for you.
* If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm.
* Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.
* The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
* The greater the obstacle, the more glory in overcoming it.
* We love life, not because we are used to living but because we are used to loving.
Parallelism
Isocolon parallelism: (if the writer uses two parallel structures):
* No pain, no gain; no bees no honey, no work no money.
* When the cat’s away the mice will play.
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how could I be so stupid?
ANASTROPHE / HYPERBATON / INVERSION
* Ask not what your country can do for you; ask instead what you can do for your country.
NEW PUNS (Antanaclasis)
Antanaclasis:
A rhetorical device in which a word is repeated and whose meaning
changes in the second instance. It is a common kind of pun.. (American football coach).
While we live let us live. ( the first "live" means while we are alive. The second "live" means to make the most of life.
Before marriage, a girl has to make love to a man to hold him. After marriage, she has to hold him to make love to him.
Your argument is sound. Nothing but sound. (The word "sound" in the first instance means solid or reasonable. The second instance of "sound" means just noise, empty)
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ANTITHESIS
A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * There are so many things that we wish we had done yesterday, so few that we feel like doing today *
To be or not to be:
* Being superstitious is for ignorants, but not being superstitious is bad luck.
* There are only two great tragedies in life: one is not getting what you want, and the other is getting it.
* There are two tragedies in life. One is not getting what you/one want(s). The other is getting it. - Oscar Wilde
* There are two tragedies in life. One is never getting your heart's desire. The other is getting it.'
A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning * There are so many things that we wish we had done yesterday, so few that we feel like doing today *
To be or not to be:
* Being superstitious is for ignorants, but not being superstitious is bad luck.
* There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.
* There are only two great tragedies in life: one is not getting what you want, and the other is getting it.
* There are two tragedies in life. One is not getting what you/one want(s). The other is getting it. - Oscar Wilde
* There are two tragedies in life. One is never getting your heart's desire. The other is getting it.'
ELLIPSIS /
I wouldn't like you to be treated as I have been treated and as others have.
* When / if in doubt, take more time.
" Been there, done that"." (ya he pasado por eso" o "ya lo he vivido". Eso no es nada nuevo para mi).
Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something."" (Plato)
"Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a greater."
"Some people go to priests; others to poetry; I to my friends." (Virginia Woolf)
"True stories deal with hunger, imaginary ones with love."
EUPHEMISM
* You do not live in a slum but in substandard housing.
IRONY
METAPHORE
OXIMORON
PARADOXES
* I find nothing more depressing than optimism
* Sometimes you’ll find yourself asking, “How am I supposed to gain experience if I’m constantly turned down for not having any?”
* I find nothing more depressing than optimism
* Sometimes you’ll find yourself asking, “How am I supposed to gain experience if I’m constantly turned down for not having any?”
PUNS
Atheism is a non-prophet institution
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